Psychological Impact of Traumatic Experiences
Numerous studies have examined the negative psychological impacts of traumatic experiences on mental health. Among the most serious mental health issues is posttraumatic stress (PTS), manifested through intrusive thoughts, intense negative emotions (e.g., fear, terror, anger), and nightmares. According to DSM-5, PTSD diagnosis requires exposure to a traumatic event (Criterion A), defined as direct/indirect exposure to death, serious injury, or sexual violence.
COVID-19 as a Traumatic Event
Researchers argue that Criterion A should expand to include the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures due to high PTS rates. Strict application of DSM-5 criteria risks leaving many patients without proper care. Evidence shows pandemic restrictions adversely affected global mental health (WHO, 2022). A meta-analysis of 900,000 individuals across 32 countries (Liu et al., 2024) revealed COVID-19-related routine disruptions correlate with depression, anxiety, and psychological distress.
Posttraumatic Growth (PTG)
Traumatic experiences can also lead to positive psychological changes known as posttraumatic growth (PTG) - personal transformation arising from coping with life-threatening challenges. PTG manifests through:
- Increased personal strength
- Greater appreciation for life
- Deeper interpersonal relationships
- New life priorities
- Richer existential/spiritual life
Studies show 39%-89% of people experienced PTG during COVID-19 when perceived as a traumatic challenge.
References
- Asmundson, G.J.G., et al. (2021). Real versus illusory personal growth in response to COVID-19. Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Boyraz, G., et al. (2020). COVID-19 and Traumatic Stress. Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Kalaitzaki, A., et al. (2022). From secondary trauma to vicarious growth in Greek healthcare workers. Psychological Trauma
- Tedeschi, R.G. & Calhoun, L.G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Journal of Traumatic Stress
- WHO (2022). COVID-19 pandemic triggers 25% increase in anxiety/depression